Scott C. Stowers, D.O., FASMBS

– Board-Certified Bariatric Surgeon in Frisco, TX

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Scott C. Stowers, D.O., FASMBS

– Board-Certified Bariatric Surgeon in Frisco, TX

When you’re ready to take control of your health and transform your life through weight loss surgery, choosing the right bariatric surgeon makes all the difference. Dr. Scott Stowers is a board-certified bariatric surgeon serving patients in the Frisco, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Abilene, Texas area, with over three decades of surgical experience and more than 15 years dedicated exclusively to bariatric and metabolic surgery. As a founding Fellow of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the Medical Director of The Bariatric Experts, Dr. Stowers combines exceptional surgical skill with a deeply personal approach to patient care.

With over 7,000 bariatric procedures and 1,400 robotic surgeries performed, Dr. Stowers has built a reputation throughout the DFW area for delivering outstanding outcomes, compassionate support, and life-changing results. His patients don’t just lose weight—they regain their health, reduce or eliminate medications for diabetes and hypertension, and rediscover the joy of living without the burden of obesity-related conditions.

Why Choose Dr. Scott Stowers for Bariatric Surgery?

Dr. Stowers stands apart from other bariatric surgeons in several meaningful ways. As one of the inaugural Fellows of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, he has been at the forefront of the specialty since its formal recognition. His three decades of surgical experience provide a depth of knowledge that translates directly into safer procedures, better outcomes, and more confident decision-making when complications arise.

"I've learned that the most rewarding part of bariatric surgery isn't just watching patients lose weight—it's seeing them get off insulin, reduce their blood pressure medications, and reclaim their lives," Dr. Stowers reflects.
"That's the transformation that matters most."

A Track Record of Excellence...

Dr. Stowers has performed over 7,000 bariatric surgeries and over 1,400 robotic procedures using the advanced DaVinci Xi and DV5 robotic platforms. According to data from multiple studies, bariatric surgery performed by experienced, high-volume surgeons results in significantly lower complication rates and better long-term outcomes.1,2 Dr. Stowers' extensive surgical volume places him among the most experienced bariatric surgeons in Texas. 


His leadership extends beyond the operating room. Dr. Stowers has successfully built three separate bariatric programs from the ground up, guiding each to achieve Center of Excellence status—a designation that recognizes the highest standards of patient safety, quality outcomes, and comprehensive care. This program-building expertise demonstrates not only surgical skill but also a commitment to creating systems that support patients throughout their entire weight loss journey.

 

Advanced Robotic and Minimally Invasive Techniques

Dr. Stowers specializes in minimally invasive and robotic bariatric surgery, utilizing the latest DaVinci Xi and DV5 robotic surgical systems. Research shows that robotic-assisted bariatric surgery offers several advantages over traditional laparoscopic approaches, including enhanced precision, improved visualization, reduced blood loss, and faster recovery times.3

With 1,400 robotic procedures completed since receiving advanced robotic surgery training, Dr. Stowers has developed exceptional proficiency with these advanced technologies. His patients benefit from smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker returns to normal activities—all while achieving the same excellent weight loss and metabolic outcomes.

 

What Patients Say About Dr. Stowers

Dr. Stowers’ patients consistently praise his surgical skill, compassionate bedside manner, and genuine investment in their long-term success. With a 5.0-star rating on U.S. News & World Report based on 75 patient reviews, all 5.0-star ratings on Google based on 243 reviews, and excellent ratings across multiple platforms, his reputation speaks to the quality of care he provides.4

"Dr. Stowers is amazing! He takes time to answer all questions and truly cares about his patients. I'm down 85 pounds and off all my diabetes medications. Best decision I ever made!"
— Verified Patient, Gastric Sleeve Surgery, U.S. News & World Report
"I appreciated Dr. Stowers' straightforward approach. He explained everything clearly, never rushed me, and has been available throughout my journey. His staff is wonderful too."
— Verified Patient, Gastric Bypass Surgery, Healthgrades
“Dr. Stowers and his staff are absolutely amazing. They are always available to help you meet your goals. I am 3+ years out and they continue to help me maintain my goal weight. They helped me achieve a new life doing things I never thought I was capable of.”
—Kimberly N, Google Review
“I am beyond grateful for Dr. Scott Stowers and his entire team! From the very beginning, their communication and support were outstanding. They took on my case even with the added challenge of having situs inversus, and I always felt confident and cared for. My surgery was on 5/20/25, and I can honestly say I have never felt better. Everything has been great, and I truly appreciate the dedication and professionalism of Dr. Stowers and his staff. Highly recommend!”
—Stephanie S, Google Review
“I had my gastric sleeve surgery with Dr. Scott, and it has been truly life-changing. I’ve lost a lot of weight and couldn’t be happier with the results. The journey was not easy, but Dr. Scott and his entire team provided support and guidance every step of the way. They made me feel cared for, answered all my questions, and encouraged me through the process. I’m beyond grateful for their expertise and compassion. I highly recommend Dr. Scott to anyone considering bariatric surgery!”
—Zee M, Google Review
“I had my gastric sleeve surgery Wednesday and I cannot stop bragging about how phenomenal Dr. Stowers and his team was!”
—Cassandra L, Facebook
“I have three friends who went to Dr. Stowers and they all highly recommended him. I cannot tell you how much I loved my experience! From the very first phone call all of the office staff have been professional and so helpful. Whenever I have a question I call the office and they are right on it. I'm just a little over 3 months out and 70+ pounds down. Thank you to everyone at the Bariatric Experts!!”
—Amy B, Facebook
“My husband and I both had surgery 4 years ago and I'm still down 95lbs and he is down 101lbs. Dr Stowers was amazing! Best decision ever.”
—Christina B, Facebook

Patient Satisfaction Ratings:

  • U.S. News & World Report: 5.0/5 stars
  • WebMD: 5.0/5 stars
  • Vitals: 5.0 Easy Appointment | 4.3 Promptness | 5.0 Friendly Staff | 5.0 Accurate Diagnosis | 5.0 Bedside Manner
  • Healthgrades: Highly rated for patient experience and outcomes
  • Yelp: 5.0/5 stars (multiple locations)

Comprehensive Bariatric Surgery Options

Dr. Stowers offers a full range of bariatric procedures tailored to each patient’s unique needs, medical history, and weight loss goals. During your personal consultation, he takes the time to understand your situation and recommend the approach most likely to help you succeed.

Gastric Sleeve Surgery (Sleeve Gastrectomy)

Gastric sleeve surgery is currently the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the United States. According to the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, sleeve gastrectomy accounts for approximately 60% of all bariatric surgeries performed annually.5 During this procedure, Dr. Stowers removes approximately 80% of the stomach using advanced robotic techniques, creating a smaller, sleeve-shaped stomach that restricts food intake and reduces hunger hormones.

Patients typically experience significant weight loss, with studies showing an average excess weight loss of 60-70% within the first two years.6 The procedure also leads to improvement or resolution of obesity-related conditions including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea.

Dr. Stowers’ Gastric Sleeve Experience:

With approximately 6,000 gastric sleeve procedures performed, Dr. Stowers brings extensive hands-on expertise to every case. His experience reflects years of dedication to helping patients achieve lasting weight loss through safe, effective surgical care.

Gastric Bypass Surgery (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass)

Gastric bypass surgery remains the gold standard for bariatric surgery, particularly for patients with severe obesity or significant metabolic conditions. Dr. Stowers performs this procedure using advanced robotic techniques, creating a small stomach pouch and rerouting the small intestine to reduce both food intake and calorie absorption.

Research demonstrates that gastric bypass produces excellent long-term weight loss and metabolic improvements, with up to 72% of patients achieving remission of type 2 diabetes.7 The procedure is especially effective for patients struggling with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or those who have not achieved adequate results with other weight loss methods.

Dr. Stowers’ Gastric Bypass Experience:

With over 1,000 gastric bypass procedures performed, Dr. Stowers offers a wealth of experience in this complex and transformative surgery. His meticulous approach helps patients achieve significant, sustainable results.

Revision Bariatric Surgery

Dr. Stowers is one of the few bariatric surgeons in the DFW area with extensive experience in revision bariatric surgery—procedures performed to correct complications or inadequate weight loss from previous bariatric operations. Whether you’ve experienced weight regain, mechanical complications, or unsatisfactory results from a prior surgery, Dr. Stowers can evaluate your situation and recommend appropriate solutions.

Revision surgery requires advanced surgical skills and a thorough understanding of altered anatomy. Dr. Stowers’ three decades of surgical experience and mastery of robotic techniques make him uniquely qualified to handle these complex cases safely and effectively.

Complication Management: Dr. Stowers and his team provide comprehensive post-surgical support, including 24/7 emergency access for urgent concerns. All patients receive detailed instructions for recognizing and managing potential complications, with clear protocols for when to seek immediate medical attention.

A Founding Fellow of ASMBS: What It Means for You

Dr. Stowers holds the distinction of being a founding Fellow of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery—a recognition reserved for surgeons who have demonstrated exceptional expertise, commitment to the specialty, and contributions to advancing the field. This inaugural class of Fellows represents the pioneers who helped establish bariatric surgery as a recognized medical specialty with rigorous standards and evidence-based practices.

This distinction matters because it reflects not only Dr. Stowers’ surgical skill but also his dedication to staying at the forefront of bariatric surgery innovations, safety protocols, and best practices. As a founding Fellow, he has been involved in shaping the standards that all bariatric surgeons now follow.

ASMBS Verified Surgeon: Dr. Stowers maintains active ASMBS membership and holds verified surgeon status at two separate facilities. This distinction reflects his ongoing commitment to continuing medical education, ethical standards, and evidence-based practice.

Building Centers of Excellence: Leadership in Bariatric Care

Throughout his career, Dr. Stowers has successfully developed three separate bariatric programs, guiding each to achieve Center of Excellence (COE) designation. This achievement demonstrates his comprehensive understanding of what makes a bariatric program truly exceptional—not just skilled surgery, but also multidisciplinary support, rigorous quality metrics, comprehensive patient education, and long-term follow-up care.

The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program establishes strict criteria for COE designation, including minimum surgical volumes, low complication rates, comprehensive preoperative evaluation, nutritional counseling, psychological support, and structured follow-up protocols.8 Dr. Stowers’ success in building multiple COE programs reflects his commitment to creating systems that support patients throughout their entire weight loss journey.

More Than Weight Loss: Metabolic Health Transformation

While weight loss is an important outcome, Dr. Stowers focuses equally on the metabolic health improvements that bariatric surgery provides. Many of his patients experience dramatic improvements in obesity-related conditions, often reducing or eliminating medications for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and sleep apnea.

“The moment a patient tells me they’re off insulin or no longer need their blood pressure medications—that’s when I know we’ve truly changed their life,” Dr. Stowers shares. “Weight loss is wonderful, but metabolic health is what extends and improves quality of life.”

Dr. Stowers’ focus on metabolic outcomes ensures that patients receive comprehensive care addressing all aspects of their health.

Specific Outcomes

Patient Outcomes: Among Dr. Stowers’ patients, 100% of those with type 2 diabetes experience improvement, with most achieving full resolution. On average, patients lose approximately 80% of their excess weight one year after surgery. The practice’s complication, readmission, and mortality rates all remain below national averages.

healthy woman drinking water

 

Personalized Care at a Private Practice

Unlike many bariatric surgeons who work within large hospital systems, Dr. Stowers operates a private practice—The Bariatric Experts—where he personally meets with every patient. This model ensures continuity of care, direct access to your surgeon, and a level of personal attention that’s often difficult to achieve in larger institutional settings.

 

Education and Training: A Foundation of Excellence

Dr. Stowers earned his Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree from the University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth, Texas (1987-1992). Prior to medical school, he completed a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy at Southwestern Oklahoma State University in Weatherford, Oklahoma—a background that provides unique insights into medication management and the complex pharmaceutical needs of bariatric patients.

His surgical training included a rigorous general surgery residency at Dallas/Fort Worth Medical Center (1988-1992), followed by specialized training in bariatric surgery through a preceptorship at Methodist Dallas Medical Center (2005). He also completed LAP-BAND System Surgeon Training in 2006. This comprehensive training foundation, combined with over 30 years of surgical practice, has shaped Dr. Stowers into one of the most experienced bariatric surgeons in Texas.

Continuing Medical Education: Dr. Stowers maintains active board certification and participates in ongoing continuing medical education to stay current with the latest advances in bariatric surgery, robotic techniques, and metabolic health management.

Dr. Stowers remains consistently engaged in professional development through regular participation in leading bariatric conferences. He attended the ASMBS Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C., in June and the Annual Meeting of the Texas Association of Bariatric Surgeons in January—both of which he attends each year to stay current with the latest advancements in bariatric surgery and patient care.

International Recognition and Teaching

Dr. Stowers’ expertise has earned him recognition beyond the United States. He has served as a speaker and surgical trainer at the Italian Surgical Congress in Rome and Naples, sharing his techniques and insights with international colleagues. This teaching role reflects his standing as a leader in the field and his commitment to advancing bariatric surgery globally.

Awards and Recognition

Dr. Stowers has been recognized by D Magazine as one of the “Best Doctors” in Collin County—a peer-voted honor that reflects the respect he has earned from fellow physicians throughout the DFW area. This recognition is particularly meaningful because it comes from other medical professionals who understand the skill, dedication, and outcomes that define exceptional surgical care.

Hospital Affiliations and Locations

Dr. Stowers maintains surgical privileges at multiple respected healthcare facilities, including:

  • USMD Hospital (Arlington, TX)
  • Medical City Frisco (Frisco, TX)
  • Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Frisco (Frisco, TX)

This multi-facility access ensures that patients throughout the Frisco, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Abilene areas can receive care at convenient, high-quality locations.

Practice Locations

The Bariatric Experts – Frisco

5575 Warren Parkway, Suite 304
Frisco, TX 75034
Phone: (940) 577-2090
Email: tbe@expertsurgical.com

The Bariatric Experts – Abilene

5 Hospital Drive, Suite A
Abilene, TX 79606
Phone: (940) 577-2090
Email: tbe@expertsurgical.com

Out-of-Town Patients

While The Bariatric Experts proudly serves patients across Texas, many individuals travel from across the region—including Oklahoma, Arkansas, Indiana, and surrounding states—to work with Dr. Stowers. With more than 30 years of experience and over 7,000 bariatric procedures performed, he has extensive expertise guiding out-of-town patients through every step of their surgical journey. From virtual consultations to streamlined pre- and post-operative planning, his team makes the process smooth, supportive, and accessible no matter where you’re coming from.

Life Beyond Surgery: The Person Behind the Surgeon

Outside of his surgical practice, Dr. Stowers is a devoted family man who has been married to his wife Donna for over 30 years. He is a proud father of three children and grandfather to five grandchildren. His personal life reflects the same values of commitment, dedication, and long-term relationships that define his approach to patient care.
In his free time, Dr. Stowers enjoys playing golf and spending time with family and friends. These interests keep him grounded and remind him that life is about more than work, a philosophy he shares with his patients as they embark on their own journeys toward healthier, more fulfilling lives.

Insurance and Financial Information

Self-Pay Patients Welcome

At The Bariatric Experts, we understand that roughly half of all insurance policies exclude coverage for bariatric surgery. Dr. Stowers is dedicated to keeping self-pay pricing as affordable as possible, working directly with facilities and anesthesia providers to negotiate the best available rates. We recognize the challenges patients face when insurance doesn’t provide support and strive to make life-changing surgery accessible to those who need it.

Flexible Financing Available:

We partner with CareCredit® to offer flexible financing plans that fit your budget. Low monthly payments make bariatric surgery more affordable than you might think.

  • Quick and easy application process
  • Flexible payment terms
  • Special financing options available (subject to credit approval)
  • Use for surgery and all related medical expenses

Additional Payment Options:

  • Major credit cards accepted
  • HSA and FSA accounts accepted
  • Cash discounts may be available

Insurance Coverage

We work with most major insurance plans includingBlue Cross Blue Shield, Aetna, United Healthcare, Cigna, and many others.

Our insurance coordinators will verify your coverage, help with pre-authorization, and explain your out-of-pocket costs.

Get Your Cost Estimate

Call (940) 577-2090 to speak with our financial coordinator about:

  • Self-pay pricing for your procedure
  • CareCredit financing options
  • Insurance verification and benefits
  • Payment plans

Every patient receives a personalized cost estimate during their consultation – no hidden fees or surprise bills.

Obesity is a Chronic disease. If you are struggling with your weight, regardless of where you are in your weight loss journey, we’re here for you!

Your Weight Loss Journey Starts Here

If you’re considering bariatric surgery in Frisco, Dallas-Fort Worth, or Abilene, Dr. Scott Stowers offers the experience, expertise, and personalized care you deserve. With over 7,000 bariatric procedures performed, advanced robotic surgical techniques, and a commitment to long-term patient support, Dr. Stowers provides comprehensive care that addresses not just weight loss but overall metabolic health and quality of life.

Ready to start your weight loss journey? Book online today or call (940) 577-2090 to schedule your consultation with Dr. Stowers.

Frequently Asked Questions

Dr. Scott Stowers performs bariatric surgery at The Bariatric Experts, with convenient locations in Frisco and Abilene, Texas. Serving patients throughout the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex, Dr. Stowers offers comprehensive weight loss surgery options including gastric sleeve, gastric bypass, duodenal switch, and revision procedures. With over 7,000 bariatric surgeries performed and 1,400 robotic procedures completed, Dr. Stowers provides the experience and personalized care you need for successful, long-term weight loss. Contact The Bariatric Experts at (940) 577-2090 to schedule your consultation.

Generally, candidates for bariatric surgery have a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher, or a BMI of 35 or higher with obesity-related health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or sleep apnea. According to ASMBS guidelines, candidates should have attempted weight loss through diet and exercise without sustained success.

Find out in 60 seconds: Take our quick candidacy quiz to see if you may qualify for weight loss surgery.

Dr. Stowers conducts thorough evaluations to determine candidacy, considering your medical history, current health conditions, weight loss goals, and commitment to lifestyle changes. Contact us or call (940) 577-2090 to schedule your consultation and discuss your specific situation.

Recovery timelines vary depending on the specific procedure and individual factors. Most patients undergoing minimally invasive or robotic bariatric surgery can return to light activities within 1week and resume normal activities within 3-4 weeks. Dr. Stowers’ use of advanced robotic techniques often results in less postoperative pain, smaller incisions, and faster recovery compared to traditional open surgery. During your consultation, Dr. Stowers will provide specific recovery expectations based on your chosen procedure and individual circumstances.

Some insurance plans cover bariatric surgery when specific criteria are met, including documented BMI requirements, obesity-related health conditions, and completion of pre-surgical requirements such as nutritional counseling and psychological evaluation. The Bariatric Experts team works with most major insurance providers and will help you navigate the insurance approval process. Contact the practice at (940) 577-2090 to discuss your insurance coverage and learn about financing options for patients without insurance coverage.

Dr. Stowers brings several unique qualifications to his practice: he is a founding Fellow of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, has over 30 years of surgical experience with 15+ years dedicated exclusively to bariatrics, has performed over 7,000 bariatric procedures and 1,400 robotic surgeries, and has successfully built three separate bariatric programs to Center of Excellence status. His private practice model ensures that you receive personal attention from Dr. Stowers himself throughout your entire weight loss journey. 

Like all surgical procedures, bariatric surgery carries potential risks and complications. Possible complications may include bleeding, infection, blood clots, leaks at surgical connections, bowel obstruction, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. Long-term risks may include nutritional deficiencies, gallstones, hernias, and in rare cases, the need for revision surgery.

Dr. Stowers takes extensive precautions to minimize these risks, including thorough preoperative evaluation, advanced surgical techniques, and comprehensive post-operative monitoring. His complication rates remain below the national average. During your consultation, he will discuss your individual risk factors and the specific risks associated with your recommended procedure. All patients receive detailed informed consent information and have ample opportunity to ask questions before making a decision.

Long-term success after bariatric surgery requires ongoing support and monitoring. Dr. Stowers and his team provide comprehensive follow-up care including:

  • Regular post-operative appointments (typically at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter)
  • Nutritional counseling and dietary guidance
  • Vitamin and supplement monitoring with blood work
  • Support group access and peer mentorship opportunities
  • Psychological support and behavioral counseling referrals as needed
  • 24/7 emergency access for urgent concern
  • Education and communication from your first contact

This structured follow-up ensures that you achieve optimal weight loss, maintain your results long-term, and address any concerns promptly.

Professional Credentials and Memberships

Board Certifications:

  • Board Certified, General Surgery

Professional Memberships:

  • Fellow, American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) – Founding Fellow
  • American College of Osteopathic Surgeons (ACOS)
  • American Osteopathic Association (AOA)
  • Texas Medical Association (TMA)
  • Texas Medical Foundation (TMF)
  • The Obesity Society
  • Texas Association of Bariatric Surgeons

Education:

  • Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine – University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (1987-1992)
  • Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy – Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK

Specialized Training:

  • General Surgery Residency – Dallas/Fort Worth Medical Center (1988-1992)
  • Bariatric Surgery Preceptorship – Methodist Dallas Medical Center (2005)
  • LAP-BAND System Surgeon Training (2006)
  • Advanced Robotic Surgery Training – DaVinci Xi and DV5 Platforms

Hospital Affiliations:

  • USMD Hospital Arlington, TX
  • Medical City Frisco, Frisco, TX
  • Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Frisco, Frisco, TX

Let’s Get Started! Here’s How it Works

Consultation with Dr. Stowers

Meet with Our Bariatrics Coordinator

Complete the Pre-Surgical Requirements

Your Surgery Day!

Ongoing Follow Up

Start Your Transformation Today!

Request a consultation to get started!


Sources

1 Birkmeyer JD, Finks JF, O’Reilly A, Oerline M, Carlin AM, Nunn AR, Dimick J, Banerjee M, Birkmeyer NJ; Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative. Surgical skill and complication rates after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 10;369(15):1434-42. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1300625. PMID: 24106936. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24106936/. Accessed October 7, 2025.

2 Celio AC, Kasten KR, Brinkley J, Chung AY, Burruss MB, Pories WJ, Spaniolas K. Effect of Surgeon Volume on Sleeve Gastrectomy Outcomes. Obes Surg. 2016 Nov;26(11):2700-2704. doi: 10.1007/s11695-016-2190-4. PMID: 27106174. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27106174/. Accessed October 7, 2025.

3 Bindal V, Bhatia P, Dudeja U, Kalhan S, Khetan M, John S, Wadhera S. Review of contemporary role of robotics in bariatric surgery. J Minim Access Surg. 2015 Jan-Mar;11(1):16-21. doi: 10.4103/0972-9941.147673. PMID: 25598594; PMCID: PMC4290112. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4290112/. Accessed October 7, 2025.

4 U.S. News & World Report. Dr. Scott Stowers. Available: https://health.usnews.com/doctors/scott-stowers-3962371. Accessed October 7, 2025.

5 American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Bariatric Surgery Procedures. Available: https://asmbs.org/patients/bariatric-surgery-procedures/. Accessed October 7, 2025.

6 Praveenraj P, Gomes RM, Kumar S, et al. Comparison of weight loss outcomes 1 year after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in patients aged above 50 years. J Minim Access Surg. 2016;12(3):220-225. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.183481. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4916747/. Accessed October 7, 2025.

7 Pournaras DJ, Osborne A, Hawkins SC, Vincent RP, Mahon D, Ewings P, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Welbourn R, le Roux CW. Remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass and banding: mechanisms and 2 year outcomes. Ann Surg. 2010 Dec;252(6):966-71. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181efc49a. PMID: 21107106. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21107106/. Accessed October 7, 2025.

8 American College of Surgeons. Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program. Available: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/accreditation-and-verification/metabolic-and-bariatric-surgery-accreditation-and-quality-improvement-program/. Accessed October 7, 2025.